Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny w Szczecinie

Wydział Ekonomiczny - Economics (S1)

Sylabus przedmiotu Finances and Banking:

Informacje podstawowe

Kierunek studiów Economics
Forma studiów studia stacjonarne Poziom pierwszego stopnia
Tytuł zawodowy absolwenta licencjat
Obszary studiów charakterystyki PRK
Profil ogólnoakademicki
Moduł
Przedmiot Finances and Banking
Specjalność przedmiot wspólny
Jednostka prowadząca Katedra Analizy Systemowej i Marketingu
Nauczyciel odpowiedzialny Dawid Dawidowicz <Dawid.Dawidowicz@zut.edu.pl>
Inni nauczyciele Dawid Dawidowicz <Dawid.Dawidowicz@zut.edu.pl>
ECTS (planowane) 4,0 ECTS (formy) 4,0
Forma zaliczenia egzamin Język polski
Blok obieralny Grupa obieralna

Formy dydaktyczne

Forma dydaktycznaKODSemestrGodzinyECTSWagaZaliczenie
wykładyW3 15 2,00,50egzamin
ćwiczenia audytoryjneA3 15 2,00,50zaliczenie

Wymagania wstępne

KODWymaganie wstępne
W-1The basic knowledge of microeconomics.
W-2The basic knowledge of macroeconomics.

Cele przedmiotu

KODCel modułu/przedmiotu
C-1Student after completing the course should have elementary knowledge about the specifics of finance.
C-2The student should know the place of finance science in economic sciences.
C-3The student should have knowledge about the elements of the country's financial system.
C-4The student is aware of his knowledge and the need to learn throughout life.

Treści programowe z podziałem na formy zajęć

KODTreść programowaGodziny
ćwiczenia audytoryjne
T-A-1Finance functions. Financial phenomena.2
T-A-2System of the public finance sector.3
T-A-3The financial system of enterprises. The essence of financial activity of enterprises.4
T-A-4Factoring and leasing services.2
T-A-5Insurance system. Types of insurance services.2
T-A-6Other financial intermediaries.2
15
wykłady
T-W-1The object of finance science. The financial system. Section of the financial system.2
T-W-2The banking system, its structure and the essence.2
T-W-3The Central bank and monetary policy.2
T-W-4Changes in the global and Polish banking system, the effects of globalization.1
T-W-5Review of banking development in Poland.2
T-W-6Commercial banks and cooperative banks.2
T-W-7The essence of the bank's operations.2
T-W-8Bank services. Banks' credit activity.2
15

Obciążenie pracą studenta - formy aktywności

KODForma aktywnościGodziny
ćwiczenia audytoryjne
A-A-1Preparing for the classes.15
A-A-2Reading the indicated literature.7
A-A-3Participation in the auditoriums.15
A-A-4Solving the tasks.5
A-A-5Preparing to pass the subject.10
A-A-6Consultation with the lecturer.6
A-A-7Colloquium2
60
wykłady
A-W-1Reading the indicated literature.8
A-W-2Participation in the classes.15
A-W-3Preparing for the classes.15
A-W-4Preparing for the exam.13
A-W-5Participation in the exam.3
A-W-6Consultation6
60

Metody nauczania / narzędzia dydaktyczne

KODMetoda nauczania / narzędzie dydaktyczne
M-1Information classes.
M-2Case study method.
M-3Multimedia classes.
M-4Explanations.

Sposoby oceny

KODSposób oceny
S-1Ocena podsumowująca: Oral or written, including questions verifying issues raised in the lectures / auditoriums.
S-2Ocena formująca: Possible oral or written assessment during the semester.

Zamierzone efekty uczenia się - wiedza

Zamierzone efekty uczenia sięOdniesienie do efektów kształcenia dla kierunku studiówOdniesienie do efektów zdefiniowanych dla obszaru kształceniaCel przedmiotuTreści programoweMetody nauczaniaSposób oceny
E_1A_C5_W01
The student has knowledge about the functioning of finance and knows financial phenomena.
E_1A_W01, E_1A_W03C-1, C-2T-W-1, T-A-1M-1, M-3S-1, S-2
E_1A_C5_W02
The student has knowledge of the functioning of banks and financial intermediaries and their significance for the functioning of the market.
E_1A_W02C-2, C-3T-W-3, T-W-2, T-W-4, T-W-5, T-W-6, T-A-6M-1, M-2, M-3S-1, S-2
E_1A_C5_W03
The student has knowledge about the essence of financial activities of enterprises.
E_1A_W03, E_1A_W11C-3T-W-1, T-A-3, T-A-4M-1, M-2S-1, S-2
E_1A_C5_W04
The student has general knowledge in the field of public finances, in particular the state, which is a link of the financial system.
E_1A_W02, E_1A_W03, E_1A_W11C-3T-W-1, T-A-2M-1, M-2S-1, S-2
E_1A_C5_W05
The student has knowledge of insurance and their importance to the economy.
E_1A_W02, E_1A_W03, E_1A_W11C-3T-W-1, T-A-5M-1, M-2S-1, S-2

Zamierzone efekty uczenia się - umiejętności

Zamierzone efekty uczenia sięOdniesienie do efektów kształcenia dla kierunku studiówOdniesienie do efektów zdefiniowanych dla obszaru kształceniaCel przedmiotuTreści programoweMetody nauczaniaSposób oceny
E_1A_C5_U01
The student has the ability to evaluate and interpret processes taking place in the financial system.
E_1A_U21, E_1A_U01C-1, C-3T-W-3, T-W-2, T-W-1, T-A-1M-1, M-2, M-4S-1, S-2

Zamierzone efekty uczenia się - inne kompetencje społeczne i personalne

Zamierzone efekty uczenia sięOdniesienie do efektów kształcenia dla kierunku studiówOdniesienie do efektów zdefiniowanych dla obszaru kształceniaCel przedmiotuTreści programoweMetody nauczaniaSposób oceny
E_1A_C5_K01
The student iknows her/his knowledge and the need for continuous learning.
E_1A_K01C-4T-W-4, T-W-8, T-A-5, T-A-3, T-A-2M-4S-1, S-2

Kryterium oceny - wiedza

Efekt uczenia sięOcenaKryterium oceny
E_1A_C5_W01
The student has knowledge about the functioning of finance and knows financial phenomena.
2,0The student has no knowledge about the functioning of finances and financial phenomena.
3,0The student has a basic knowledge of the subject of finance science.
3,5The student has a good knowledge of the subject of finance science, functions of finance and financial phenomena, can determine the links of the financial system.
4,0The student has a good knowledge of the subject of finance science, finance functions and financial phenomena, can determine the links of the financial system and relations between them.
4,5The student has a good knowledge of the subject of finance science, finance functions and financial phenomena, can identify and describe the links of the financial system and relations between them.
5,0The student has a very good knowledge of the subject of finance science, finance functions and financial phenomena, can identify and describe the links of the financial system and relations between them.
E_1A_C5_W02
The student has knowledge of the functioning of banks and financial intermediaries and their significance for the functioning of the market.
2,0The student has no knowledge of the functioning of banks and financial intermediaries and their importance for the functioning of the market.
3,0The student has knowledge about the basics of the banking system and the role and importance of the central bank.
3,5The student has knowledge about the basics of the banking system, the role and importance of the central bank and the organization of commercial banks.
4,0The student has knowledge about the basics of the banking system, the role and importance of the central bank, the organization of commercial banks and other financial intermediation institutions, is able to define and describe banking services.
4,5The student has knowledge of the basics of the banking system, the role and importance of the central bank, the organization of commercial banks and other financial intermediation institutions, can identify and describe banking services, knows credit issues.
5,0The student has in-depth knowledge of the functioning of banks and financial intermediary institutions and their significance for the functioning of the market.
E_1A_C5_W03
The student has knowledge about the essence of financial activities of enterprises.
2,0The student has no knowledge about the essence of financial activities of enterprises.
3,0The student is able to define and describe the forms of organizational an enterprise, knows the capital and asset structure of an enterprise.
3,5The student is able to define and describe the organizational forms of running an enterprise, knows the capital and property structure of an enterprise and elements of the financial report.
4,0The student is able to define and describe the forms of running a business, knows the capital and property structure of an enterprise and elements of the financial report, can determine alternative sources of financing enterprises.
4,5The student is able to define and describe the forms of running a business, knows the capital and property structure of an enterprise and elements of the financial report, is able to define and characterize alternative sources of financing enterprises.
5,0The student has in-depth knowledge of the essence of financial activities of enterprises.
E_1A_C5_W04
The student has general knowledge in the field of public finances, in particular the state, which is a link of the financial system.
2,0The student does not have general knowledge in the field of public finances.
3,0The student has basic knowledge about the elements of the financial system and its connections with other elements of the system.
3,5The student has basic knowledge about the state as part of the financial system and its links with other links, he can determine the income and expenses of the state.
4,0The student has a basic knowledge of the state as part of the financial system and its links with other links, can determine the state's expenditure and income, has knowledge of the tax system.
4,5The student has mastered knowledge of the basics of public finances.
5,0The student mastered knowledge of the basics of public finances very well.
E_1A_C5_W05
The student has knowledge of insurance and their importance to the economy.
2,0The student has no knowledge of insurance and their importance to the economy.
3,0Student is able to determine what insurance is and determine its forms and characterize the parties to the insurance contract.
3,5Student is able to determine what insurance is, its form, characterize the parties to the insurance contract and describe the functions and principles of insurance.
4,0Student is able to determine what insurance is, its form, characterize the parties to the insurance contract, describe the functions and principles of insurance, as well as characterize the types of insurance.
4,5The student has a very good knowledge of insurance and their importance to the economy.
5,0The student has in-depth knowledge of insurance and their importance to the economy and has knowledge of the current conditions of the insurance system.

Kryterium oceny - umiejętności

Efekt uczenia sięOcenaKryterium oceny
E_1A_C5_U01
The student has the ability to evaluate and interpret processes taking place in the financial system.
2,0The student does not have the ability to evaluate and interpret the processes taking place in the financial system.
3,0The student has sufficient skills to evaluate and interpret the processes taking place in the financial system.
3,5The student has sufficient skills to evaluate and interpret the processes taking place in the financial system.
4,0The student has good skills in assessing and interpreting the processes taking place in the financial system.
4,5The student has good skills in assessing and interpreting the processes taking place in the financial system.
5,0The student has very good skills in assessing and interpreting the processes taking place in the financial system.

Kryterium oceny - inne kompetencje społeczne i personalne

Efekt uczenia sięOcenaKryterium oceny
E_1A_C5_K01
The student iknows her/his knowledge and the need for continuous learning.
2,0The student does not understand the need to deepen knowledge about finance.
3,0The student is aware of his knowledge and understands the need to constantly increase her/his knowledge in the future.
3,5
4,0
4,5
5,0

Literatura podstawowa

  1. Thomas F. Cargill, The Financial System, Financial Regulation and Central Bank Policy, Cambridge University Press, 2017, Number of pages 424
  2. R. Glenn Hubbard, Anthony Patrick O'Brien, Money, Banking, and the Financial System, PRENTICE HALL, 2014, 2rd, Number of pages 584
  3. Brian Duignan, Banking and Finance, Britannica Educational Publishing, New York, 2013, First edition
  4. S. Owsiak, Podstawy nauki finansów, PWE, Warszawa, 2002
  5. red. S.Flejterski, B. Świecka, Elementy finansów i bankowości, CeDeWu, Warszawa, 2005
  6. red. W. Kapuścińska-Przybylska, Pośrednictwo finansowe w Polsce, CeDeWu, Warszawa, 2009
  7. red. M. Podstawka, Finanse, PWN, Warszawa, 2010
  8. S.Owsiak, Finanse publiczne. Teoria i praktyka, PWN, Warszawa, 2008

Treści programowe - ćwiczenia audytoryjne

KODTreść programowaGodziny
T-A-1Finance functions. Financial phenomena.2
T-A-2System of the public finance sector.3
T-A-3The financial system of enterprises. The essence of financial activity of enterprises.4
T-A-4Factoring and leasing services.2
T-A-5Insurance system. Types of insurance services.2
T-A-6Other financial intermediaries.2
15

Treści programowe - wykłady

KODTreść programowaGodziny
T-W-1The object of finance science. The financial system. Section of the financial system.2
T-W-2The banking system, its structure and the essence.2
T-W-3The Central bank and monetary policy.2
T-W-4Changes in the global and Polish banking system, the effects of globalization.1
T-W-5Review of banking development in Poland.2
T-W-6Commercial banks and cooperative banks.2
T-W-7The essence of the bank's operations.2
T-W-8Bank services. Banks' credit activity.2
15

Formy aktywności - ćwiczenia audytoryjne

KODForma aktywnościGodziny
A-A-1Preparing for the classes.15
A-A-2Reading the indicated literature.7
A-A-3Participation in the auditoriums.15
A-A-4Solving the tasks.5
A-A-5Preparing to pass the subject.10
A-A-6Consultation with the lecturer.6
A-A-7Colloquium2
60
(*) 1 punkt ECTS, odpowiada około 30 godzinom aktywności studenta

Formy aktywności - wykłady

KODForma aktywnościGodziny
A-W-1Reading the indicated literature.8
A-W-2Participation in the classes.15
A-W-3Preparing for the classes.15
A-W-4Preparing for the exam.13
A-W-5Participation in the exam.3
A-W-6Consultation6
60
(*) 1 punkt ECTS, odpowiada około 30 godzinom aktywności studenta
PoleKODZnaczenie kodu
Zamierzone efekty uczenia sięE_1A_C5_W01The student has knowledge about the functioning of finance and knows financial phenomena.
Odniesienie do efektów kształcenia dla kierunku studiówE_1A_W01Ma podstawową wiedzę z zakresu ekonomii, jej miejscu w systemie nauk społecznych oraz powiązaniach z innymi dyscyplinami naukowymi
E_1A_W03Ma podstawową wiedzę na temat relacji między strukturami i instytucjami społecznymi w skali krajowej i międzynarodowej
Cel przedmiotuC-1Student after completing the course should have elementary knowledge about the specifics of finance.
C-2The student should know the place of finance science in economic sciences.
Treści programoweT-W-1The object of finance science. The financial system. Section of the financial system.
T-A-1Finance functions. Financial phenomena.
Metody nauczaniaM-1Information classes.
M-3Multimedia classes.
Sposób ocenyS-1Ocena podsumowująca: Oral or written, including questions verifying issues raised in the lectures / auditoriums.
S-2Ocena formująca: Possible oral or written assessment during the semester.
Kryteria ocenyOcenaKryterium oceny
2,0The student has no knowledge about the functioning of finances and financial phenomena.
3,0The student has a basic knowledge of the subject of finance science.
3,5The student has a good knowledge of the subject of finance science, functions of finance and financial phenomena, can determine the links of the financial system.
4,0The student has a good knowledge of the subject of finance science, finance functions and financial phenomena, can determine the links of the financial system and relations between them.
4,5The student has a good knowledge of the subject of finance science, finance functions and financial phenomena, can identify and describe the links of the financial system and relations between them.
5,0The student has a very good knowledge of the subject of finance science, finance functions and financial phenomena, can identify and describe the links of the financial system and relations between them.
PoleKODZnaczenie kodu
Zamierzone efekty uczenia sięE_1A_C5_W02The student has knowledge of the functioning of banks and financial intermediaries and their significance for the functioning of the market.
Odniesienie do efektów kształcenia dla kierunku studiówE_1A_W02Zna podstawowe formy instytucji społecznych (publicznych, kulturowych, politycznych, prawnych, ekonomicznych) oraz ich struktury
Cel przedmiotuC-2The student should know the place of finance science in economic sciences.
C-3The student should have knowledge about the elements of the country's financial system.
Treści programoweT-W-3The Central bank and monetary policy.
T-W-2The banking system, its structure and the essence.
T-W-4Changes in the global and Polish banking system, the effects of globalization.
T-W-5Review of banking development in Poland.
T-W-6Commercial banks and cooperative banks.
T-A-6Other financial intermediaries.
Metody nauczaniaM-1Information classes.
M-2Case study method.
M-3Multimedia classes.
Sposób ocenyS-1Ocena podsumowująca: Oral or written, including questions verifying issues raised in the lectures / auditoriums.
S-2Ocena formująca: Possible oral or written assessment during the semester.
Kryteria ocenyOcenaKryterium oceny
2,0The student has no knowledge of the functioning of banks and financial intermediaries and their importance for the functioning of the market.
3,0The student has knowledge about the basics of the banking system and the role and importance of the central bank.
3,5The student has knowledge about the basics of the banking system, the role and importance of the central bank and the organization of commercial banks.
4,0The student has knowledge about the basics of the banking system, the role and importance of the central bank, the organization of commercial banks and other financial intermediation institutions, is able to define and describe banking services.
4,5The student has knowledge of the basics of the banking system, the role and importance of the central bank, the organization of commercial banks and other financial intermediation institutions, can identify and describe banking services, knows credit issues.
5,0The student has in-depth knowledge of the functioning of banks and financial intermediary institutions and their significance for the functioning of the market.
PoleKODZnaczenie kodu
Zamierzone efekty uczenia sięE_1A_C5_W03The student has knowledge about the essence of financial activities of enterprises.
Odniesienie do efektów kształcenia dla kierunku studiówE_1A_W03Ma podstawową wiedzę na temat relacji między strukturami i instytucjami społecznymi w skali krajowej i międzynarodowej
E_1A_W11Ma podstawową wiedzę na temat zasad rachunkowości oraz systemu finansowego i jego wpływu na funkcjonowanie gospodarki
Cel przedmiotuC-3The student should have knowledge about the elements of the country's financial system.
Treści programoweT-W-1The object of finance science. The financial system. Section of the financial system.
T-A-3The financial system of enterprises. The essence of financial activity of enterprises.
T-A-4Factoring and leasing services.
Metody nauczaniaM-1Information classes.
M-2Case study method.
Sposób ocenyS-1Ocena podsumowująca: Oral or written, including questions verifying issues raised in the lectures / auditoriums.
S-2Ocena formująca: Possible oral or written assessment during the semester.
Kryteria ocenyOcenaKryterium oceny
2,0The student has no knowledge about the essence of financial activities of enterprises.
3,0The student is able to define and describe the forms of organizational an enterprise, knows the capital and asset structure of an enterprise.
3,5The student is able to define and describe the organizational forms of running an enterprise, knows the capital and property structure of an enterprise and elements of the financial report.
4,0The student is able to define and describe the forms of running a business, knows the capital and property structure of an enterprise and elements of the financial report, can determine alternative sources of financing enterprises.
4,5The student is able to define and describe the forms of running a business, knows the capital and property structure of an enterprise and elements of the financial report, is able to define and characterize alternative sources of financing enterprises.
5,0The student has in-depth knowledge of the essence of financial activities of enterprises.
PoleKODZnaczenie kodu
Zamierzone efekty uczenia sięE_1A_C5_W04The student has general knowledge in the field of public finances, in particular the state, which is a link of the financial system.
Odniesienie do efektów kształcenia dla kierunku studiówE_1A_W02Zna podstawowe formy instytucji społecznych (publicznych, kulturowych, politycznych, prawnych, ekonomicznych) oraz ich struktury
E_1A_W03Ma podstawową wiedzę na temat relacji między strukturami i instytucjami społecznymi w skali krajowej i międzynarodowej
E_1A_W11Ma podstawową wiedzę na temat zasad rachunkowości oraz systemu finansowego i jego wpływu na funkcjonowanie gospodarki
Cel przedmiotuC-3The student should have knowledge about the elements of the country's financial system.
Treści programoweT-W-1The object of finance science. The financial system. Section of the financial system.
T-A-2System of the public finance sector.
Metody nauczaniaM-1Information classes.
M-2Case study method.
Sposób ocenyS-1Ocena podsumowująca: Oral or written, including questions verifying issues raised in the lectures / auditoriums.
S-2Ocena formująca: Possible oral or written assessment during the semester.
Kryteria ocenyOcenaKryterium oceny
2,0The student does not have general knowledge in the field of public finances.
3,0The student has basic knowledge about the elements of the financial system and its connections with other elements of the system.
3,5The student has basic knowledge about the state as part of the financial system and its links with other links, he can determine the income and expenses of the state.
4,0The student has a basic knowledge of the state as part of the financial system and its links with other links, can determine the state's expenditure and income, has knowledge of the tax system.
4,5The student has mastered knowledge of the basics of public finances.
5,0The student mastered knowledge of the basics of public finances very well.
PoleKODZnaczenie kodu
Zamierzone efekty uczenia sięE_1A_C5_W05The student has knowledge of insurance and their importance to the economy.
Odniesienie do efektów kształcenia dla kierunku studiówE_1A_W02Zna podstawowe formy instytucji społecznych (publicznych, kulturowych, politycznych, prawnych, ekonomicznych) oraz ich struktury
E_1A_W03Ma podstawową wiedzę na temat relacji między strukturami i instytucjami społecznymi w skali krajowej i międzynarodowej
E_1A_W11Ma podstawową wiedzę na temat zasad rachunkowości oraz systemu finansowego i jego wpływu na funkcjonowanie gospodarki
Cel przedmiotuC-3The student should have knowledge about the elements of the country's financial system.
Treści programoweT-W-1The object of finance science. The financial system. Section of the financial system.
T-A-5Insurance system. Types of insurance services.
Metody nauczaniaM-1Information classes.
M-2Case study method.
Sposób ocenyS-1Ocena podsumowująca: Oral or written, including questions verifying issues raised in the lectures / auditoriums.
S-2Ocena formująca: Possible oral or written assessment during the semester.
Kryteria ocenyOcenaKryterium oceny
2,0The student has no knowledge of insurance and their importance to the economy.
3,0Student is able to determine what insurance is and determine its forms and characterize the parties to the insurance contract.
3,5Student is able to determine what insurance is, its form, characterize the parties to the insurance contract and describe the functions and principles of insurance.
4,0Student is able to determine what insurance is, its form, characterize the parties to the insurance contract, describe the functions and principles of insurance, as well as characterize the types of insurance.
4,5The student has a very good knowledge of insurance and their importance to the economy.
5,0The student has in-depth knowledge of insurance and their importance to the economy and has knowledge of the current conditions of the insurance system.
PoleKODZnaczenie kodu
Zamierzone efekty uczenia sięE_1A_C5_U01The student has the ability to evaluate and interpret processes taking place in the financial system.
Odniesienie do efektów kształcenia dla kierunku studiówE_1A_U21Posiada umiejętność uczenia się przez całe życie
E_1A_U01Potrafi wykorzystać zdobytą wiedzę naukową do interpretacji zjawisk społeczno-gospodarczych
Cel przedmiotuC-1Student after completing the course should have elementary knowledge about the specifics of finance.
C-3The student should have knowledge about the elements of the country's financial system.
Treści programoweT-W-3The Central bank and monetary policy.
T-W-2The banking system, its structure and the essence.
T-W-1The object of finance science. The financial system. Section of the financial system.
T-A-1Finance functions. Financial phenomena.
Metody nauczaniaM-1Information classes.
M-2Case study method.
M-4Explanations.
Sposób ocenyS-1Ocena podsumowująca: Oral or written, including questions verifying issues raised in the lectures / auditoriums.
S-2Ocena formująca: Possible oral or written assessment during the semester.
Kryteria ocenyOcenaKryterium oceny
2,0The student does not have the ability to evaluate and interpret the processes taking place in the financial system.
3,0The student has sufficient skills to evaluate and interpret the processes taking place in the financial system.
3,5The student has sufficient skills to evaluate and interpret the processes taking place in the financial system.
4,0The student has good skills in assessing and interpreting the processes taking place in the financial system.
4,5The student has good skills in assessing and interpreting the processes taking place in the financial system.
5,0The student has very good skills in assessing and interpreting the processes taking place in the financial system.
PoleKODZnaczenie kodu
Zamierzone efekty uczenia sięE_1A_C5_K01The student iknows her/his knowledge and the need for continuous learning.
Odniesienie do efektów kształcenia dla kierunku studiówE_1A_K01Samodzielnej pracy oraz pracy w zespole (słuchanie, negocjacje, perswazja, prezentacja)
Cel przedmiotuC-4The student is aware of his knowledge and the need to learn throughout life.
Treści programoweT-W-4Changes in the global and Polish banking system, the effects of globalization.
T-W-8Bank services. Banks' credit activity.
T-A-5Insurance system. Types of insurance services.
T-A-3The financial system of enterprises. The essence of financial activity of enterprises.
T-A-2System of the public finance sector.
Metody nauczaniaM-4Explanations.
Sposób ocenyS-1Ocena podsumowująca: Oral or written, including questions verifying issues raised in the lectures / auditoriums.
S-2Ocena formująca: Possible oral or written assessment during the semester.
Kryteria ocenyOcenaKryterium oceny
2,0The student does not understand the need to deepen knowledge about finance.
3,0The student is aware of his knowledge and understands the need to constantly increase her/his knowledge in the future.
3,5
4,0
4,5
5,0